✦ Gigdesk field notes

What does a social account actually earn?

Everyone quotes a magic number — "$1,000 per 100k followers." Reality isn't one number; it's a grid. A page's monthly income depends on the platform, the niche it sells into, and the geography of its audience. Below is our working model of all three at once — pick a platform, scan the niche columns, and hover any cell to see how long that account takes to grow.

We build tools for people who run accounts for a living — virtual assistants, ghostwriters, and one-person agencies juggling a portfolio of personas. The first question every one of them asks a new client is the same: "what is this account worth per month?" There was never a clean answer, so we built one. Not a lookup table of hard-coded cells, but a single internally-consistent formula that treats every platform on its own yardstick.

Why one number is always wrong

Three things move the needle far more than raw follower count:

How to read the grid

Each card is one platform, measured on its own metric. Rows are audience tiers, from seed up to elite; columns are niches, ordered high-value → hobby so the ones that pay from day one sit on the left. Every cell is an estimate of monthly earnings — ad or revenue-share plus sponsorships plus a floor of direct sales. Hover any cell to see the time to grow there: from zero, the step up from the tier above, and a ⚡ fast-mode estimate if you put in four focused hours a day. Where a platform geo-fences ads, use the toggle to flip between a high-income and a global/low-income audience.

💸 Monthly earnings per cell — ad-share + sponsorships + your own offers. High-value niches like SaaS & Services clear a few dollars from just 10 followers because they sell, not just advertise.
📏 Every platform has its own yardstick — followers, karma, stars, subscribers, members — so the tiers and scale differ per platform. Scroll the niche columns sideways →
⏱️ Hover a cell for time-to-grow: from zero, the step from the tier above, and ⚡ fast mode (4h/day).
🌍 Geography matters — most platforms geo-fence ads, so high vs low-income audiences earn very differently.
X (Twitter) by followers
Borderless reach; ads-revenue-share, paid subs & a warm DM pipeline for offers.
🌍 Global audience · no geo-fencing
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇮🇳 India🇬🇧 UK🇧🇷 Brazil🇩🇪 Germany🇵🇭 Philippines🇯🇵 Japan
FollowersSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
10seed$7$6$7$8$8$8$5$4$3$3$2$3$2$2$0$0$0$1$0$0
100nano$21$21$21$24$24$25$18$14$11$9$8$9$6$5$3$2$2$4$3$2
1kmicro$73$71$74$83$84$85$62$49$39$32$30$32$23$21$12$11$10$15$13$9
10krising$300$283$309$325$338$351$262$210$185$146$144$146$120$105$80$73$64$82$75$56
100kstrong$1.7k$1.5k$1.8k$1.8k$1.9k$2.1k$1.6k$1.3k$1.3k$968$1k$968$921$786$724$664$564$657$635$503
1Melite$15k$13k$16k$14k$16k$18k$14k$11k$12k$9.1k$10k$9.1k$9.3k$7.8k$7.9k$7.2k$6.1k$6.8k$6.7k$5.4k
LinkedIn by age & connections
B2B goldmine — a few hundred of the right connections beat 100k random followers.
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇬🇧 UK🇨🇦 Canada🇦🇺 Australia🇩🇪 Germany🇦🇪 UAE
ConnectionsSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
10seed$10$10$10$12$12$12$9$7$5$4$4$4$3$3$1$1$1$2$1$0
100nano$36$35$36$41$41$42$30$24$19$16$14$16$11$10$6$5$5$7$6$4
500micro$95$91$98$105$109$112$82$66$56$45$43$45$35$31$22$20$18$24$21$16
3krising$342$312$357$356$379$401$305$245$231$179$185$179$160$138$118$108$93$112$106$82
10kstrong$955$840$1k$951$1k$1.1k$873$704$708$537$578$537$517$440$411$377$320$370$359$286
30kelite$2.8k$2.4k$3k$2.7k$3k$3.3k$2.6k$2.1k$2.2k$1.7k$1.8k$1.7k$1.7k$1.4k$1.4k$1.3k$1.1k$1.2k$1.2k$958
Reddit by age & karma
Karma ≠ cash directly — value is affiliate, lead-gen, launches & audience research.
🌍 Global audience · no geo-fencing
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇮🇳 India🇬🇧 UK🇧🇷 Brazil🇩🇪 Germany🇵🇭 Philippines🇯🇵 Japan
KarmaSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
100seed$5$5$5$6$6$6$4$3$3$2$2$2$1$1$0$0$0$0$0$0
1knano$17$17$17$19$20$20$14$11$9$7$7$7$5$5$3$2$2$3$3$2
10kmicro$67$64$69$74$76$79$58$47$40$32$31$32$25$22$16$14$13$17$15$11
50krising$214$195$223$223$237$251$190$153$144$111$115$111$99$86$73$67$58$70$66$51
200kstrong$693$607$736$687$751$816$635$512$518$392$424$392$380$323$304$279$236$272$265$211
1Melite$3.3k$2.8k$3.5k$3.1k$3.5k$3.8k$3.1k$2.5k$2.6k$2k$2.2k$2k$2k$1.7k$1.7k$1.6k$1.3k$1.5k$1.4k$1.2k
YC Hackernews by age & karma
The hardest crowd to reach and the highest-income — aged, high-karma accounts convert to Show HN launches, hiring inbound, dev-tool deals & YC-adjacent intros.
🌍 Global audience · no geo-fencing
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇮🇳 India🇬🇧 UK🇧🇷 Brazil🇩🇪 Germany🇵🇭 Philippines🇯🇵 Japan
KarmaSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
10seed$6$6$6$7$7$7$5$4$3$3$2$3$2$2$0$0$0$1$0$0
100nano$20$20$20$23$23$23$17$13$10$9$8$9$6$5$3$3$2$4$3$2
500micro$50$49$51$57$58$59$43$34$28$23$21$23$17$15$10$9$8$11$10$7
2krising$123$116$126$133$138$144$107$86$75$59$59$59$49$43$32$29$26$33$30$23
10kstrong$408$368$428$420$450$480$367$296$284$218$229$218$200$172$152$139$119$141$135$106
50kelite$1.7k$1.5k$1.8k$1.7k$1.8k$2k$1.6k$1.3k$1.3k$996$1.1k$996$991$838$811$745$628$715$701$562
Product Hunt by age & participation
Reputation from launches & upvotes; converts to early users, hunts & advisory gigs.
🌍 Global audience · no geo-fencing
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇮🇳 India🇬🇧 UK🇧🇷 Brazil🇩🇪 Germany🇵🇭 Philippines🇯🇵 Japan
PointsSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
10seed$7$7$7$8$8$8$6$5$3$3$3$3$2$2$0$0$0$1$0$0
100nano$22$22$22$26$26$26$19$15$11$9$8$9$6$6$3$2$2$4$3$2
500micro$51$51$51$59$59$60$43$34$26$22$19$22$14$13$7$6$6$9$7$5
2krising$107$105$107$122$123$125$90$72$56$46$42$46$32$29$16$14$14$21$17$12
10kstrong$267$259$272$300$306$313$228$183$151$122$115$122$91$82$53$48$43$60$53$38
50kelite$769$718$794$826$863$901$674$542$485$381$381$381$320$280$221$200$175$220$204$154
TikTok by followers
Fastest audience to blow up; low $/follower until you sell your own product.
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇬🇧 UK🇨🇦 Canada🇦🇺 Australia🇩🇪 Germany🇦🇪 UAE
FollowersSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
10seed$4$4$4$5$5$5$4$3$2$2$2$2$1$1$0$0$0$0$0$0
1knano$53$51$54$59$60$61$45$36$30$24$23$24$18$17$11$10$9$12$11$8
10kmicro$282$255$296$291$311$332$253$204$196$151$157$151$137$118$104$95$81$97$93$72
100krising$2.2k$1.9k$2.3k$2.1k$2.3k$2.6k$2k$1.6k$1.7k$1.3k$1.4k$1.3k$1.3k$1.1k$1.1k$1k$842$950$936$755
500kstrong$11k$9.2k$12k$10k$12k$13k$10k$8.4k$9.2k$6.8k$7.7k$6.8k$7.2k$6k$6.1k$5.6k$4.7k$5.2k$5.2k$4.2k
3Melite$74k$61k$80k$67k$77k$87k$70k$57k$63k$46k$53k$46k$49k$41k$42k$39k$33k$36k$36k$29k
Instagram by age & followers
Reels reach + brand deals; older accounts with real engagement convert hardest.
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇬🇧 UK🇨🇦 Canada🇦🇺 Australia🇩🇪 Germany🇦🇪 UAE
FollowersSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
10seed$6$5$6$6$6$6$5$4$3$2$2$2$2$1$0$0$0$0$0$0
100nano$19$18$19$21$22$22$16$13$10$8$7$8$6$5$3$3$2$4$3$2
1kmicro$76$72$78$83$86$90$66$53$46$37$36$37$30$26$20$18$16$20$18$14
10krising$435$387$459$439$475$511$394$318$313$239$255$239$226$193$176$161$137$160$155$122
50kstrong$1.9k$1.6k$2k$1.8k$2k$2.2k$1.8k$1.4k$1.5k$1.1k$1.2k$1.1k$1.1k$958$942$866$728$823$810$653
200kelite$7.9k$6.6k$8.5k$7.4k$8.3k$9.3k$7.4k$6k$6.5k$4.9k$5.5k$4.9k$5.1k$4.2k$4.3k$4k$3.3k$3.7k$3.7k$3k
YouTube by subscribers & watch-time
Slowest to grow, highest $/subscriber — AdSense stacks with sponsors.
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇬🇧 UK🇨🇦 Canada🇦🇺 Australia🇩🇪 Germany🇦🇪 UAE
SubscribersSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
10seed$6$6$6$7$7$7$5$4$3$3$2$3$2$2$0$0$0$1$0$0
100nano$24$23$25$27$28$28$21$17$14$11$11$11$9$8$5$5$4$6$5$4
1kmicro$135$121$142$138$148$158$121$98$95$73$76$73$67$58$51$47$40$47$45$36
10krising$1.1k$910$1.1k$1k$1.1k$1.3k$998$806$855$639$710$639$651$547$542$499$419$472$465$376
100kstrong$11k$8.9k$12k$9.9k$11k$13k$10k$8.2k$9k$6.7k$7.6k$6.7k$7.1k$5.9k$6k$5.6k$4.7k$5.2k$5.1k$4.2k
1Melite$121k$99k$131k$110k$126k$143k$115k$93k$104k$76k$87k$76k$82k$68k$70k$65k$54k$60k$60k$49k
GitHub by stars & contributions
Stars & a green graph earn via Sponsors, dev-tool deals, bounties & hiring inbound.
🌍 Global audience · no geo-fencing
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇮🇳 India🇬🇧 UK🇧🇷 Brazil🇩🇪 Germany🇵🇭 Philippines🇯🇵 Japan
StarsSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
10seed$7$7$7$8$8$8$6$5$4$3$3$3$2$2$0$0$0$1$0$0
50nano$16$16$16$18$18$18$13$11$8$7$6$7$4$4$2$2$2$3$2$1
200micro$32$32$32$37$38$38$27$22$17$14$12$14$9$8$4$4$4$6$5$3
1krising$76$75$77$87$88$89$65$52$41$33$30$33$23$21$12$11$10$15$13$9
5kstrong$195$188$198$217$223$228$167$134$112$90$86$90$68$61$41$37$33$46$40$29
20kelite$496$462$512$531$556$581$435$350$315$247$248$247$209$182$145$132$115$144$134$101
Facebook by page followers
Older, higher-income audiences; Groups & Reels bonuses pay steadily.
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇬🇧 UK🇨🇦 Canada🇦🇺 Australia🇩🇪 Germany🇦🇪 UAE
FollowersSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
100seed$6$6$6$6$7$7$5$4$3$2$2$2$2$2$0$0$0$1$0$0
1knano$24$23$25$26$27$28$21$17$15$12$12$12$10$9$7$6$5$7$6$5
10kmicro$163$143$173$162$177$192$150$121$122$93$100$93$90$77$72$66$56$65$63$50
50krising$774$654$834$733$823$913$725$586$627$468$522$468$480$404$403$371$311$349$345$280
200kstrong$3.3k$2.7k$3.5k$3k$3.4k$3.9k$3.1k$2.5k$2.7k$2k$2.3k$2k$2.1k$1.8k$1.8k$1.7k$1.4k$1.6k$1.5k$1.3k
1Melite$18k$15k$20k$17k$19k$22k$17k$14k$16k$12k$13k$12k$12k$10k$11k$9.8k$8.2k$9k$9k$7.3k
Telegram by channel members
Channels & bots monetize via paid access, signals, ads & affiliate drops.
🌍 Global audience · no geo-fencing
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇮🇳 India🇬🇧 UK🇧🇷 Brazil🇩🇪 Germany🇵🇭 Philippines🇯🇵 Japan
MembersSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
50seed$6$6$6$7$7$7$5$4$3$2$2$2$2$1$0$0$0$0$0$0
500nano$19$19$20$22$22$23$16$13$10$9$8$9$6$5$3$3$3$4$3$2
5kmicro$84$78$86$90$94$98$73$59$52$41$41$41$34$30$24$21$19$24$22$16
50krising$514$452$545$512$558$605$470$379$381$289$311$289$279$237$222$203$172$199$194$154
200kstrong$1.9k$1.6k$2.1k$1.8k$2k$2.3k$1.8k$1.4k$1.5k$1.1k$1.3k$1.1k$1.2k$978$967$890$748$842$830$671
1Melite$10k$8.3k$11k$9.3k$11k$12k$9.4k$7.6k$8.3k$6.2k$7k$6.2k$6.5k$5.4k$5.5k$5.1k$4.3k$4.7k$4.7k$3.8k
WhatsApp by broadcast members
Broadcast lists & communities — intimate reach that converts to direct sales.
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇬🇧 UK🇨🇦 Canada🇦🇺 Australia🇩🇪 Germany🇦🇪 UAE
MembersSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
50seed$7$7$7$8$8$8$6$5$3$3$3$3$2$2$0$0$0$1$0$0
500nano$24$23$24$27$27$27$20$16$13$10$10$10$7$7$4$4$3$5$4$3
5kmicro$103$97$107$111$116$121$91$73$65$51$51$51$43$38$30$27$24$30$28$21
50krising$649$569$689$643$703$763$594$479$484$367$397$367$356$302$284$261$221$255$248$197
200kstrong$2.4k$2.1k$2.6k$2.3k$2.6k$2.9k$2.3k$1.8k$2k$1.5k$1.6k$1.5k$1.5k$1.3k$1.2k$1.1k$962$1.1k$1.1k$863
1Melite$13k$11k$14k$12k$14k$15k$12k$9.8k$11k$7.9k$9k$7.9k$8.3k$7k$7.1k$6.6k$5.5k$6.1k$6.1k$4.9k
Substack by paid subscribers
Paid subscribers — a tiny list of true fans can out-earn 100k of ad views.
🌍 Global audience · no geo-fencing
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇮🇳 India🇬🇧 UK🇧🇷 Brazil🇩🇪 Germany🇵🇭 Philippines🇯🇵 Japan
SubscribersSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
10seed$9$9$9$11$11$11$8$6$5$4$4$4$3$2$1$1$1$2$1$0
50nano$22$22$23$26$26$26$19$15$12$10$9$10$7$6$4$3$3$5$4$3
200micro$54$51$55$59$61$63$47$37$32$26$25$26$20$18$13$12$10$14$12$9
1krising$171$156$179$179$190$201$153$123$115$89$92$89$80$69$59$54$46$56$53$41
5kstrong$671$585$714$661$726$790$616$497$507$383$416$383$374$317$301$277$234$269$262$209
20kelite$2.6k$2.2k$2.8k$2.5k$2.8k$3.1k$2.4k$2k$2.1k$1.6k$1.8k$1.6k$1.6k$1.4k$1.4k$1.2k$1k$1.2k$1.2k$937
Medium by followers & read-time
Partner Program pays per member read-time; SEO compounds slowly over years.
🌍 Global audience · no geo-fencing
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇮🇳 India🇬🇧 UK🇧🇷 Brazil🇩🇪 Germany🇵🇭 Philippines🇯🇵 Japan
FollowersSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
10seed$4$4$4$5$5$5$3$3$2$2$1$2$1$1$0$0$0$0$0$0
100nano$13$13$13$15$16$16$11$9$7$6$5$6$4$4$2$2$2$3$2$1
1kmicro$51$49$52$57$59$60$44$35$30$24$23$24$19$17$11$10$9$12$11$8
10krising$262$237$275$271$289$308$235$189$181$139$145$139$127$109$95$87$75$89$85$66
50kstrong$1.1k$923$1.1k$1k$1.1k$1.3k$983$794$818$616$674$616$610$516$496$456$385$439$430$344
200kelite$4.2k$3.6k$4.6k$4k$4.5k$5k$4k$3.2k$3.5k$2.6k$2.9k$2.6k$2.7k$2.2k$2.2k$2.1k$1.7k$1.9k$1.9k$1.6k
Pinterest by monthly views
Evergreen buyer intent; ecom, home & wedding niches shine on saved views.
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇬🇧 UK🇨🇦 Canada🇦🇺 Australia🇩🇪 Germany🇦🇪 UAE
Monthly viewsSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
1kseed$13$12$14$14$15$16$12$10$10$7$8$7$7$6$5$5$4$5$5$4
10knano$136$114$147$128$144$160$128$103$111$83$93$83$86$72$72$67$56$62$62$50
100kmicro$1.7k$1.4k$1.9k$1.6k$1.8k$2.1k$1.7k$1.3k$1.5k$1.1k$1.2k$1.1k$1.2k$970$1k$923$770$851$849$693
500krising$10k$8.2k$11k$9.1k$10k$12k$9.6k$7.7k$8.6k$6.4k$7.2k$6.4k$6.8k$5.7k$5.9k$5.4k$4.5k$5k$5k$4.1k
2Mstrong$46k$38k$50k$42k$48k$54k$44k$35k$39k$29k$33k$29k$31k$26k$27k$25k$21k$23k$23k$19k
10Melite$268k$219k$292k$244k$280k$317k$256k$207k$231k$170k$195k$170k$182k$152k$158k$146k$122k$134k$134k$109k
Twitch by followers & live hours
Subs, bits & sponsors reward the live grind and a loyal chat.
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇬🇧 UK🇨🇦 Canada🇦🇺 Australia🇩🇪 Germany🇦🇪 UAE
FollowersSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
10seed$6$6$6$7$7$7$5$4$3$3$2$3$2$2$0$0$0$1$0$0
100nano$21$21$22$24$25$25$18$14$12$9$9$9$7$6$4$3$3$4$4$3
1kmicro$94$88$97$101$105$110$82$66$59$46$46$46$39$34$27$24$21$27$25$19
10krising$586$514$622$581$635$689$536$432$437$331$358$331$321$272$256$235$199$230$223$178
50kstrong$2.7k$2.3k$2.9k$2.6k$2.9k$3.2k$2.5k$2k$2.2k$1.6k$1.8k$1.6k$1.7k$1.4k$1.4k$1.3k$1.1k$1.2k$1.2k$967
200kelite$12k$9.6k$13k$11k$12k$14k$11k$8.8k$9.7k$7.2k$8.1k$7.2k$7.5k$6.3k$6.4k$5.9k$4.9k$5.5k$5.5k$4.4k
Threads by followers
Early-mover reach is cheap; native monetization is still thin but growing.
🌍 Global audience · no geo-fencing
Audience skews🇺🇸 US🇮🇳 India🇬🇧 UK🇧🇷 Brazil🇩🇪 Germany🇵🇭 Philippines🇯🇵 Japan
FollowersSaaSServicesFinanceB2BConsultingLegalReal EstateDev ToolsCrypto/Web3EcomHealthEducationTechFitnessBeautyFashionTravelHotelsGamingFood & Bev
10seed$4$4$4$5$5$5$3$3$2$2$1$2$1$1$0$0$0$0$0$0
100nano$13$13$13$15$15$15$11$9$7$5$5$5$4$3$2$1$1$2$2$1
1kmicro$44$44$45$51$51$52$38$30$24$20$18$20$14$13$7$7$6$9$8$5
10krising$180$170$185$196$204$211$157$126$110$87$86$87$71$62$47$42$37$48$44$33
100kstrong$1k$911$1.1k$1k$1.1k$1.2k$931$750$741$565$602$565$534$456$417$382$325$380$367$290
1Melite$8.6k$7.3k$9.3k$8.2k$9.2k$10k$8.1k$6.5k$7k$5.2k$5.8k$5.2k$5.4k$4.5k$4.5k$4.1k$3.5k$3.9k$3.9k$3.1k

The model behind the numbers

Every cell comes from the same formula, so the platforms stay comparable. In plain terms:

The high-value B2B niches — SaaS, Finance, Legal, Consulting — sit left for a reason: they monetize by reaching a handful of the right people, not by farming impressions. That's exactly the shape of work a Gigdesk operator does best.

What surprises people

A working model, not a promise. These are estimates from one consistent formula, meant for rough comparison and planning — not a guarantee of income. Real earnings swing hard on execution, consistency, and luck. Treat the grid as a map of the terrain, not a forecast of your trip.

Run accounts like a machine

Gigdesk is the operating system for gigworkers — workspaces run by AI agents, a portfolio that converts, and a secretary on your Gmail. Invite only.

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All figures are model estimates produced by a single internally-consistent formula for illustration and planning. They are not financial advice and do not represent guaranteed or typical earnings. Platform payout rates, ad policies, and audience economics change constantly.